ARON KALMA (WORD BORROWING)
A da can kafin zuwan addinin Musulunci da Turawan Mulkin Mallaka Hausa mutane da suke da fasaha, da tsarin rayuwa bisa tada (al’ada) ta yanki daban-daban. Hausawa suna magana da harshensu na Hausa. Hausa kuwa ta kasance ta yanki-yanki, kowanne yanki na da irin karin harshe da zaɓar kalmomi da yake amfani da su wajen furta magana da isar da sakwanni
Da yake Hausawa na da yalwar kalomomi, ga fasaha wajen sarrafa kalma (syntax/الصرف) da zaɓar kalmomi, da kuma amfani da su, duk da haka bai hana Hausawa amfani da kalmomin aro ba saboda baƙin abubuwa da suke shigowa cikin Hausawa wandanda ada can basu da shi; misali: mota, bindiga, kwalfuta, tarho da sauran su
Kuma yawanci wadanda suke shigowa da Hausawa baƙin abubuwa da farkon-farko Addinin Musuluncine (Larabci), Labarawa ƴan kasuwa da Turawan Mulkin Mallaka (Ingilishi), sai kuma wanda Hausa ke cuɗayya da su wajen zama kamar Fulani, Yarbawa, Kanuri, Swahili da sauransu. Hausawa na aro kalmomin Larabci da Turanci da ma sauran yarunka da Hausawa ke cuɗanya da su ta hanyoyi biyu; ‘Loanword’ (aron kalma da amfani da ita kai tsaye); da kuma ‘Loan Blend’ (aron kalma tare da ‘dan yi mata kwaskwarima)
Ta ɓangaren aron kalma kai-tsaye (Loanword); Hausawa na aro bakin kalmomi daga wasu yaruka (e.g. Larabci (Arabic) da Ingilishi (English) da sauransu) mafiyawanci hanyoyi uku (3) Loanword, ɗaya (1) Loan blend, in aka haɗe huɗu (4) kenan:
HANYA TA FARKO:
Hausa kan aro kalmar Larabci ko Ingilishi saboda zuwa da baƙin abubuwan da ada Hausawa basu da shi na ƙirƙira (fasaha/technology), ilimi, tsarin mulki, cuɗayya (muamala}, misali:
Bindiga (البندقية), waya (wire), hankacif (handkerchief), alkalami (القلم), biro (biro), tarho (telephone), taya (tyre/tire), bukiti (bucket), jami’a (الجامعة), kwaleji (college) sukari (sugar/السكر), kwalfuta (computer), lantarki (electrical), akawu (accountant), kwala (collar), fanka (fan), gwamna (governor), biskit (biscuit), hijabi dss.
HANYA TA BIYU:
Hausawa su kan aron kalma Larabci ko Ingilishi sai su musanya wadanda suka aro da nasu na tuntuntuni (na asali), misali:
Sani = ilimi (العلم), wadata = arziki (الرزق), kwartanci = zina (الزنا), rashin sani = jahilci (الجهل), daidai = adalci (العدل), madubi = miro (mirrow), likidiri = bukiti (bucket), laulawa = keke (daga larabci), kaico = nadama (الندم), magana = kalami (الكلام), raga = net, karkarwa = babreshin (vibration), lambu = gadina (garden), magatakarda = sakatare (secretary), da sauransu.
HANYA TA UKU
Hausawa su kan aro kalmomin wasu yaruka gudabiyu (2) ko fiye, sai su hadesu a waje guda (hybrid) su kuma yi amfani da su, su yi magana da junansu, su kuma fahimta, misali:
Kofin-shayi (kofi = cup (English), shayi =الشي (Arabic)); injin biredi (inji = engine (English from Latin ‘ingenium’), biredi/borodi = bread (English)), alkalin kotu (alkali = القاضي (Arabic), kotu = court (English)), da sauransu.
HANYA TA HUDU (LOAD BLEND)
Hausa kan aro kalma daga wani yare, sai cakuɗata da ta su ta asali (load blend) ta kuma bada cikekkekiya ma’ana, misali:
Maficin roba (mafici = abin fifitawa/bada iska (Hausa), roba = rubber (English)); injin nika (inji = engine (English), nika = mirzewa/faffasa abu zuwa kananu (Hausa)),
Makaranta = (ma = ɗafi {affixation, prefix} na karin ma’ana da ke nuna wajen aiki e.g. ma’aikata (inda ake wani aiki), majema (inda ake jime fatu), manoma (inda ake noma) dss (Hausa), karanta = daga karatu, karatu daga قرأت ie. na yi karatu (Arabic)).
Manazarta: Aliyu M. Ahmad blog sport. Con
